Political debate is a structured discussion between individuals or groups regarding specific issues and ideologies. It is a critical tool for understanding differing viewpoints, as well as influencing policy decisions and public opinion.
The first significant political debate in America took place in 1856 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, senatorial candidates for Illinois. Their debates helped to shape American politics and the public discourse. They also showcased contrasting visions for the future of the country, which in turn impacted election outcomes.
Leaders’ debates are an important part of the electoral process in countries that operate under a parliamentary system. The debates give leaders the opportunity to discuss their platforms in a face-to-face format so that voters can compare them and make informed choices at the ballot box.
Debate sponsors select candidates to participate in debates based on objective criteria. In the case of presidential debates, this includes a candidate having a “statistically feasible chance” of winning a majority of Electoral College votes.
Historically, the selection of debate venues and dates has been guided by a nonpartisan desire to provide the broadest possible audience with an opportunity to view and listen to the leading candidates. In addition, the CPD considers early voting, religious and federal holidays, White House television pool contractual commitments, and major sports events in determining a schedule of debates.
CPD research has shown that voters benefit from participating in debates, even if they do not always agree with the outcome of a debate. The debates improve voter knowledge of the candidates, including specific policies, and increase their confidence in how well they understand policy issues. The debates also help voters develop more moderate partisan tendencies, resulting in more balanced and effective elections.